Baybayin Styles & Their Sources
Although it is commonly believed that each province
in the Philippines had its own ancient alphabet, Spanish writers of
the 16th century reported that the practice of writing was found only
in the Manila area at the time of first contact. Writing spread to
the other islands later, in about the middle of the 1500s. For this
reason, the Spaniards usually called the ancient Filipino script "Tagalog
letters," regardless of the language for which it was used.
The baybayin script, as it is known today, fell out
of use in most areas by the end of the 1600s. In the 19th century,
historians gathered old samples of baybayin writing from various sources
and locations and assembled them in charts for comparison, noting
the source location or language of each specimen. Most of these same
historians came to the conlcusion that all the variations in the letter
shapes were due to the tastes and writing styles of the idividuals
who wrote the original specimens and not due to regional differences.
In other words, there was only one baybayin. But, in the 20th century
many writers copied the comparison charts into their school textbooks
with little or no explanation attached. Thus most readers were led
to believe that each sample of writing was a different alphabet according
to its title in the chart.
There was actually much more variation in the handwriting
from one individual to the next, even within the same geographical
region, than there is in this chart of supposedly distinct alphabets.
Compare this chart to the examples of baybayin writing on the pages,
The Baybayin as Written by Filipinos and
Baybayin Handwriting of the 1600s. (Read
more about baybayin variants in
the main article.)
This is a chart of some baybayin forms and the original
source of each. They are sorted chronologically and grouped by their
familiar region names but they are not distinct alphabets
from different regions or languages; they are only variations of typestyles
and handwriting. There are details for each below.

Source Information
Doctrina 1593
From the Doctrina
Christiana, en lengua española y tagala printed in 1593. The
Tagalog text was based mainly on a manuscript written by Fr. Juan
de Placencia. Friars Domingo de Nieva and Juan de San Pedro Martyr
supervised the preparation and printing of the book, which was carried
out by an unnamed Chinese artisan. This is the earliest example
of the baybayin that exists today and it is the only example from
the 1500s. The sample shown is my own font based on the facsimile,
Doctrina Christiana, The First Book Printed in the Philippines,
Manila, 1593. National Historical Institute, Manila, 1973. 2nd
printing, 1991.
Chirino 1604
From Relación de las Islas Filipinas by Pedro Chirino,
published in 1604. The sample shown is from Relación de las Islas
Filipinas, The Philippines in 1600. Manila [Historical
Conservation Society], 1969. The letter A may have been printed
backward, so I have reversed it for this chart.
Lopez 1620
From Libro a naisurátan amin ti bagás ti Doctrina
Cristiana... written by Francisco Lopez in 1620 but bearing
the publishing date of 1621. This example was scanned from the chart
in Dr. Ignacio Villamor's La Antigua Escritura Filipina
(1922) p. 103. See Baybayin Variants
for more information about this typeface and Final
Consonants for information about Lopez's modification of the
baybayin.
Méntrida 1637
From Alonso de Méntrida's
Arte de la lengua Bisaya-Hiligayna de la isla de Panay,
1637. Méntrida's font has been listed in some charts as the Visayan
alphabet. However, like other early Spanish writers, Méntrida
considered all the variant letter shapes to be part of one Philippine
script. He wrote the following about his typeface:
It is
to be noted that our Bisayans have some letters with different
shapes, which I place here; but even they themselves do not agree
on the shapes of their letters; for this reason, and because of
the limited types available, I have shown the characters according
to the Tagalogs. B12
This sample was taken
from the web site Promotora Española de Lingüistica (PROEL,
http://www.proel.org/alfabetos/bisaya.htm,
bisaya3.gif) It was probably based on a chart by Juan R.
Francisco in his work "Philippine Palaeography" in the
Philippine Journal of Linguistics, special monograph 3, 1973.
Ezguerra 1663
From Domingo Ezguerra's
Arte de la lengua Bisaya en la provincia de Leyte, 1663.
According to William H. Scott, the letters that Ezguerra recorded
"contain what are probably engraver's errors–for example, the
use of a marginal check mark normal to Spanish usage of the time,
to represent two different letters of the alphabet". (Scott,
1994, p.95) These were probably the alternate forms of the A
and the I/E and possibly the alternate form of the Da.
There was no character for Ya. I have moved the alternate
I/E into that position. The other alternate letters are not
shown here. This sample was also taken from the web site Promotora
Española de Lingüistica (PROEL, http://www.proel.org/alfabetos/bisaya.htm,
bisaya3.gif) It was probably based on a chart by Juan R.
Francisco in his work "Philippine Palaeography" in the
Philippine Journal of Linguistics, special monograph 3, 1973.
Benavente 1699
From a 1699 manuscript by Fr. Alvaro de Benavente, Arte y
Vocabulario de la lengua Pampanga, cited in Kapampángan or Capampáñgan: Settling the Dispute on the Kapampángan Romanized
Orthography (2006) by Michael Raymon M. Pangilinan.
This is probably the source of the Kapampangan example of Sinibaldo
de Mas. (See below)
San Agustín 1703
From Gaspar de San Agustín's Compendio de la lengua
Tagala written in 1703 and published in 1787. The sample shown
was scanned from Pre-Spanish Manila, A reconstruction of the
Pre-History of Manila, by Jesus T. Peralta & Lucila
A. Salazar. National Historical Institute, Manila, 1974.
2nd printing, 1993. p. 78. Reproduced from Cipriano Marcilla y Martín's
Estudio de los antiguos alfabetos Filipinos, 1895
Hilario 1962
From the unpublished book Bayung Sunis (1962) by Zoilo
Hilario of the Akademyang Kapampangan. Although this
style was based on historical examples, it was actually Hilario's
own personal handwriting style. The sample shown here is from
a photograph by Zoilo Hilario in Kapampangan Writing: A Selected
Compendium and Critique by Evangelina Hilario Lacson (1984).
Many thanks to Michael Raymon M. Pangilinan (a.k.a. Siuálâ
ding Meángûbie) for providing the source information.
Hervás 1787
From
Saggio prattico delle lingue con prolegomeni e una raccolta
di Orazioni Domincale in più di trecento lingue e dialetti, 1787
(Practical examples of languages with prologues and a collection
of the Lord's prayer in over 300 languages and dialects) by
Lorenzo Hervás y Pandura. Because this book was not written specifically
about the Philippines or Philippine languages, I believe that the
type style is taken from an earlier source. It most closely resembles
Ezguerra's typeface of 1663. The sample shown here is my own font.
It was based on two Austrian books that reproduced Cebuano text
in this font, Illustrirte Geschichte der Schrift (The Illustrated
History of Writing) by Karl Faulman, 1880 and Sprachenhalle
(Hall of Languages) by Alois Auer, 1847. There was no letter
for Wa; the U/O character was used instead in these
documents. The R sound was represented by the letter Da
in Bisayan words and the La character was used for Spanish
words. The scans of these documents were provided by Mr.
Wolfgang Kuhl.
Jacquet 1831
From Eugène Jacquet's "Notice sur l'alphabet Yloc ou Ilog" in Considérations
sur les alphabets des Philippines, 1831. The sample shown here
is a reconstruction of two low resolution scans of a chart by Juan
R. Francisco in his work "Philippine Palaeography" in
the Philippine Journal of Linguistics, special monograph
3, 1973. His chart, in turn, was based on examples in a book by
Pardo de Tavera, Contribución para el estudio de los antiguos
alfabetos filipinos. The scans were downloaded from two web sites: Alibata at Pandesal
by Terrio Echavez (http://alibataatpandesal.com/pilipino.html
pilipino.jpg) and Promotora
Española de Lingüistica (PROEL, http://www.proel.org/alfabetos/tagalo5.gif).
Some examples from David Diringer's The Alphabet, A Key
to the History of Mankind (Third edition, 1968. p.298) were
used to reconstruct the blurred images of the scans. Diringer's
source was Fletcher Gardner's Philippinne Indic Studies of
1943.
Enrile 1835
From Carácteres antíguos con los que escribian estos
Naturales del Tagalog y Camarínes (Ancient characters with which
these natives of the Tagalogs and Camarines used to write"),
the Pascual Enrile collection 18 of the Biblioteca del Museo
Naval in Madrid. (ms. 2287, doc. 32:214-214v.) Photocopy provided
by Dr. Malcolm Warren Mintz.
Mas 1843
From the chart by Sinibaldo de Mas y Sans in Informe
sobre el estado de las Islas Filipinas en 1842 Vol. 1. Madrid,
1843. All of the examples by Mas were copied into Pedro Paterno's
chart Cuadro Paleografico (1890). These
examples are from the reproduction of Sinibaldo de Mas' chart in
William Henry Scott's Barangay, Sixteenth-Century Philippine
Culture and Society, 1994, p. 214.
Main Baybayin Article
The Baybayin as Written by Filipinos
Baybayin Handwriting of the 1600s
Cuadro Paleografico
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Paul Morrow
11 November 2002
Last updated on 7 April, 2011
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